Comments, criticisms and suggestions are welcome. Copyright © Thomas Bending 2021
Sections: Pure, Games, Geometry, Physics, Large.
If you make any progress on any of these puzzles, or if you'd like to contribute a new one, then please do tell me about it.
Puzzles in this section:
If we have a group of people, how large does the group have to be before there's a better than evens chance that two of them have the same birthday? "Birthday" here means "day of the year", we assume that all birthdays are equally likely, and we ignore leap years. Call two people with the same birthday a "match". We can ask several such questions:
Q: 1. How many people do we need for the probability of a match to be better than evens?
Q: 2. If we ask the birthdays of a sequence of people, what's the expected number until we find the first match?
Q: 3. If we pick a particular birthday, how many people do we need for the probability that someone is a match with the chosen date to be better than evens?
Q: 4. If we pick a particular birthday and then ask the birthdays of a sequence of people, what's the expected number until we find someone who's a match with the chosen date?
NB Many people (including a professional mathematician in a discussion on Radio 4) confuse Question 1 with Question 2, but they're different questions with different answers.
More generally, consider various other random choices such as thinking of a playing card or picking a lottery ticket, say that we have a match if there are two people that make the same choice, and ask the same questions.
[TB, 24 Jan 2002 and 20 Dec 2018]
Spoiler --- Top of page
Q: If drug B has a higher success rate (%age of cures) than drug A
when given to women, and also when given to men, does it have a higher
success rate when given to people in general?
[2 Apr 1997]
Q: What's the smallest possible "paradoxical" situation (i.e.
smallest total number of people)? There are two versions of the problem
depending on whether we allow entries to be 0.
[2 Apr 1997]
Q: Here's another striking version. A greengrocer sells apples at
a fixed price per fruit, and oranges similarly. Each day an apple costs
more than an orange. I buy fruit on several days. On average, did my
apples cost me more per fruit than my oranges?
[20 Mar 2011]
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Q: I throw a die until the running total exceeds 12. What is the
most likely final total?
[Puzzle Panel, BBC Radio 4, 2 Aug 1998]
Spoiler --- Top of page
Q: ??? Consider a country in which people live in high buildings and
buy things from street vendors, using some form of money. Each building
is equipped with a pulley in the eaves over which runs a long rope with
a basket on it, operable by either party. Is there a system by which a
resident and a vendor who don't trust each other can conduct trade?
Note that either party may plan to play the opposite role with someone
else later.
[rec.puzzles, 11 Apr 1996]
Q: Consider a random finite rooted binary tree. Any given leaf can be reached by a unique shortest sequence of steps from the root. Suppose we pick a leaf uniformly at random, but then take only the first k of these steps from the root. We might reach the leaf we first thought of (maybe in fewer than k steps), or we might reach a node that's a parent of that leaf. Define:
How do these values vary with k, for a large tree? Do the functions approach each other for large k? Do we need to be more specific about what a "random" tree is?
This puzzle was inspired by a discussion of the resolution of my TORUS tune-indexing system, which includes graphs of these functions for the system's database tree.
Sections: Pure, Games, Geometry, Physics, Large.
This page is maintained by Thomas Bending,
and was last modified on Sat 23 Jan 2021.
Comments, criticisms and suggestions are welcome.
Copyright © Thomas Bending 2021